Pepper spray, also known as oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, is a self-defense product that causes irritation and pain when it comes into contact with the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It is an inflammatory agent used by both civilians and law enforcement to control and deter threats. Pepper spray is an oil-based solution containing capsaicinoids, compounds derived from chili peppers that give them their heat.
When pepper spray is sprayed onto a person, it induces an almost instant inflammatory response, leading to pain, swelling, and temporary incapacitation. But how long does the misery last after being pepper sprayed? Let’s take an in-depth look at how long pepper spray lasts.
Immediate Effects
Pepper spray takes effect extremely quickly after making contact with the target. The capsaicinoids trick the nervous system into thinking it is being burned, provoking an intense inflammatory reaction. The effects begin within 2-3 seconds and peak within 5-15 minutes. This constitutes the immediate effects of pepper spray exposure.
The target’s eyes will involuntarily slam shut as an intense stinging and burning sensation engulfs them. The eyelids swell, and the cornea becomes inflamed, causing profuse tearing, blinking, and severe eye pain. The eyes cannot be opened due to reflexive eyelid closure, and vision is completely obscured.
The nose runs uncontrollably with burning mucus, making breathing difficult. The throat feels like it is closing up, and swallowing is nearly impossible due to swelling of the mucous membranes. Coughing and gagging reflexes are triggered as the airways constrict.
The skin reddens and burns intensely wherever the pepper spray lands. In some cases, blisters may form on exposed skin. The face and areas of contact feel like they are literally on fire.
This acute inflammatory response, which causes debilitating pain, typically lasts 20 to 30 minutes, sometimes up to an hour in those with increased sensitivity. The peak misery subsides as the nervous system adapts, but the effects continue beyond this initial phase.
Short Term Effects
Once the worst is over, the effects of pepper spray continue for hours afterward. The eyes remain irritated, bloodshot, and watery for up to 60 minutes after exposure. Vision is blurry, and the eyes are susceptible to light. Any attempt to open the eyes leads to uncontrolled tearing and blinking.
Areas of skin that directly contacted the pepper spray remain red, warm, swollen, and irritated for 1-2 hours following exposure. Some may develop rashes or hives on the face, neck, and upper body as an allergic-type reaction. The skin remains painfully sensitive to the touch.
The upper airways remain inflamed and try to expel the irritant. Coughing, wheezing, sneezing, and runny nose persist for 30-60 minutes before gradually settling down. There may be a residual feeling of chest tightness or shortness of breath. If pepper spray is inhaled, the back of the throat stays irritated and sore.
Long Term Effects
How long does pepper spray last in the long term? Most of the damaging inflammatory effects of pepper spray resolve within 1-2 hours. However, complete recovery can take up to 24 hours. The eyes, in particular, tend to remain irritated and painfully sensitive to light for up to a day following exposure. Redness, tearing, and discomfort when opening the eyes continue during this time.
Some facial skin redness, burning, and tenderness can persist for 24 hours before fully resolving. People with sensitive skin may experience recurring facial rashes or hives that come and go for a few days afterward. Coughing and sneezing dissipate within 6-12 hours.
Beyond the physical effects, being pepper sprayed can be a psychologically disturbing event that leaves people feeling anxious and panicked for hours or days later. Some report trouble sleeping and vivid memories of the traumatic experience.
Decontamination
After being pepper sprayed, it is crucial to decontaminate the affected areas to accelerate recovery. The longer the capsaicinoids remain on the skin and eyes, the longer the painful irritation persists. Decontamination should be done using copious amounts of cool, clean water as soon as possible.
For the eyes, flush with water continuously for 10-15 minutes to rinse out the pepper spray. Tilt the head to the side to prevent contaminating the other eye. Open and close the eyes repeatedly while flushing to help lift the capsaicinoids off the eyeball and lid margins. Artificial tears can also be used after rinsing to help provide comfort.
Conclusion
Pepper spray provokes an immediate and excruciating inflammatory response, peaking at around 20-30 minutes. While the most severe effects dissipate within an hour or two, the eyes and skin remain irritated for up to 24 hours afterward.
Complete recovery following pepper spray exposure takes 1-2 days. With proper decontamination and aftercare, symptoms eventually subside. When used responsibly, pepper spray is an effective self-defense deterrent with only temporary effects.
